Plain and hilly terrains feature gentle slopes and relatively uniform geological conditions, facilitating transportation and construction. However, they are often exposed to natural loads such as strong winds and lightning.
• Advantages:
◦ Convenient Transportation and Installation: Composed of lightweight and small-sized angle steel components, these towers can be transported directly to the site by truck without the need for large-scale lifting equipment. Their prefabricated, modular structure allows for sectional assembly, reducing requirements for construction sites.
◦ Cost - effectiveness: With simple manufacturing processes and low - difficulty foundation treatment in plains, angle steel towers offer a more economical overall cost.
◦ High Flexibility: Their foundation positions can be adjusted according to terrain undulations (e.g., farmland, grassland). They are also easy to maintain, making them suitable for low - voltage power transmission or short - distance communication scenarios.
• Limitations:
◦ Weak Wind Resistance: The lattice structure has a large windward area. In strong - wind plain areas, additional diagonal braces are required, increasing steel consumption. Moreover, their low torsional stiffness may lead to vibration hazards.
◦ Large Footprint: The four - legged structure requires a wide foundation spacing, which may conflict with land use regulations in areas with scarce cultivated or construction land.
• Advantages:
◦ Strong Wind Resistance and Stability: Tubular towers, with their high bending stiffness and aerodynamic circular or polygonal cross - sections, are ideal for strong - wind environments in plains, such as coastal plains and wind - prone areas.
◦ Compact Structure: Single - tube or multi - tube towers have a small footprint (e.g., a single - tube tower foundation may be only 1 - 2 meters in diameter), making them suitable for land - scarce areas like farmland and industrial parks.
◦ Aesthetic Appeal: Their sleek appearance integrates well with the landscape, often used for communication base stations and high - voltage transmission towers along urban peripheries and highways.
• Limitations:
◦ High Transportation and Installation Costs: Long - length steel tube components (up to dozens of meters for single - tube towers) require specialized vehicles and large - scale cranes for hoisting. Although construction is easier in open plains, equipment investment costs are high.
◦ Strict Foundation Requirements: Concentrated tower weight necessitates deep pile foundations or reinforced concrete platforms. In soft soil foundations (e.g., alluvial layers), foundation treatment costs may exceed those of angle steel towers.
These terrains are characterized by steep slopes, complex geology (mixed rock and loose soil layers), difficult transportation and construction, and harsh conditions such as strong winds and low temperatures.
• Advantages:
◦ Flexible Transportation: Components can be disassembled into small units (e.g., angle steel segments, bolted connections) and transported by human labor, pack animals, or small aircraft to remote mountainous areas without roads.
◦ Adaptable Installation: The lattice structure allows for sectional assembly. On slopes or uneven terrain, the tower's verticality can be adjusted by modifying foundation heights (e.g., using leveling stones or stepped foundations), minimizing earthwork excavation.
◦ Good Local Deformation Resistance: The lattice structure permits some elastic deformation. In areas prone to uneven settlement or earthquakes, individual components can be replaced for quick repairs.
• Limitations:
◦ Insufficient Wind Load Resistance: In mountain passes, variable and strong wind loads require additional diagonal braces, increasing steel usage and reducing cost advantages.
◦ Height Restrictions: Limited by component connection strength, angle steel towers in high - altitude plateaus (above 3000 meters) are usually not taller than 50 meters, unable to meet long - distance power transmission needs.
• Advantages:
◦ High Stability and Wind Resistance: Tubular towers' high overall rigidity enables them to withstand strong mountain winds (e.g., valley winds, orographic winds) and typhoon backflow. They are suitable for high - altitude transmission lines (e.g., the power grid on the Qinghai - Tibet Plateau).
◦ Large - Span Crossing Capacity: Multi - tube towers (e.g., three - tube or four - tube towers) can support long - distance transmission lines, spanning canyons and deep gullies, reducing the number of foundations and construction difficulties.
◦ Excellent Material Durability: In low - temperature plateau environments, steel tube materials (e.g., Q355NHD weathering steel) have better toughness than ordinary angle steel, reducing the risk of low - temperature brittle fracture.
• Limitations:
◦ Difficult Transportation and Hoisting: Long steel tube components are challenging to transport on narrow or non - existent mountain roads, often requiring costly helicopter hoisting.
◦ Complex Foundation Construction: Rock foundations in mountains need blasting for excavation. Constructing pile foundations for tubular towers is difficult, and rock weathering may loosen the foundation, necessitating regular monitoring and reinforcement.
These areas are arid with large diurnal temperature variations, severe sand erosion, low - bearing - capacity sandy or gravelly soil, and transportation routes vulnerable to sand drift.
• Advantages:
◦ Simple Foundation Construction: In mobile sand layers, angle steel towers can use shallow, extended foundations (e.g., concrete slab foundations) to distribute loads and prevent sinking.
◦ Low Maintenance Cost: Exposed components are easy to inspect, and accumulated sand can be manually cleared. Hot - dip galvanized anti - corrosion coatings on angle steel can last over 20 years in dry desert conditions.
◦ Good Sand Burial Resistance: The lattice structure can be designed with a 2 - 3 - meter clearance at the base, reducing sand burial risks. Sand can pass through the grid, minimizing wind resistance.
• Limitations:
◦ Severe Sand Abrasion: Sharp edges of angle steel are easily worn by sandstorms, weakening the cross - section and requiring frequent coating repainting, more so than tubular towers.
◦ Instability due to Sand Drift: Long - term sand movement may cause local foundation settlement, leading to tower tilting and requiring regular adjustments.
• Advantages:
◦ Superior Sand Resistance: Smooth steel tube surfaces reduce sand abrasion by over 50% compared to angle steel, making them suitable for severe sand - storm areas (e.g., the Taklamakan Desert).
◦ Stable Foundation: Tubular towers can use deep pile foundations (e.g., helical steel tube piles) to penetrate stable sand or rock layers, resisting horizontal forces from sand drift.
◦ High - Performance Materials: The outer walls of steel tubes can be coated with polyurea or made of stainless steel, combined with cathodic protection, to resist desert saline - soil corrosion.
• Limitations:
◦ High Sand Burial Risk: Single - tube towers have a small base diameter, prone to being covered by sand drift, requiring costly mechanical sand removal.
◦ Transportation Challenges: Lack of fixed roads in deserts demands specialized off - road vehicles or modular disassembly for transportation. Hoisting equipment often sinks into the sand, reducing construction efficiency.
These areas feature high humidity, severe salt spray corrosion, frequent typhoons, soft clay or silt foundations with low bearing capacity, and waterlogged construction sites affected by tides.
• Advantages:
◦ Flexible Foundation Design: In soft tidal flat soils, pile foundations (e.g., prestressed concrete pipe piles) can be used. Angle steel towers, being lighter, have lower requirements for foundation bearing capacity compared to tubular towers.
◦ Controllable Costs: In coastal areas, angle steel towers can use weathering steel (e.g., Q355NH) or heavy - duty anti - corrosion coatings (zinc - aluminum pseudo - alloy coatings), costing 30% - 40% less than tubular towers.
• Limitations:
◦ Weak Corrosion Resistance: Gaps in angle steel allow salt spray accumulation, causing electrochemical corrosion. They require anti - corrosion maintenance every 2 - 3 years, resulting in high costs.
◦ Inadequate Typhoon Resistance: At typhoon wind speeds exceeding 30m/s, the large windward area of angle steel towers may cause resonance, necessitating additional guy wires or diagonal braces and complicating the structure.
• Advantages:
◦ Excellent Corrosion Resistance: Steel tubes can be coated with hot - dip galvanized and epoxy powder composites or made of stainless steel, ensuring a lifespan of over 30 years in salt - spray environments with a maintenance cycle of 5 - 10 years.
◦ Stable Typhoon Resistance: The circular cross - section has a low wind load shape coefficient (about 0.6 - 0.8), reducing wind resistance by 50% compared to angle steel towers (1.3 - 1.5), making them suitable for typhoon - prone coastal areas (e.g., South China Sea islands, Fujian coast).
◦ Adaptable Foundations: In tidal flats, caisson foundations or offshore platform - style foundations can be used. Despite their heavy weight, the high overall rigidity of tubular towers resists foundation displacement caused by tides.
• Limitations:
◦ High Offshore Construction Costs: Coastal tidal flats or islands require waterborne transportation and hoisting equipment (e.g., barges, floating cranes), increasing construction costs 2 - 3 times compared to land - based projects.
◦ Strict Environmental Requirements: Anti - corrosion treatments using heavy - metal coatings may pollute the marine environment, necessitating environmentally friendly coatings (e.g., water - based epoxy coatings) and raising costs.
These terrains pose risks of uneven foundation settlement (e.g., karst caves, mined - out areas) or extremely low surface bearing capacity (e.g., swamps), requiring specialized construction techniques.
• Advantages:
◦ Lightweight Foundation Design: In swamps, floating foundations (e.g., steel floating boxes with counterweights) can be used to prevent sinking. In karst areas, independent column foundations can be applied after grouting to fill caves.
◦ Ease of Repair: For local foundation settlement, individual component heights of angle steel towers can be adjusted (e.g., using gaskets, bolt adjustments) for quick fixes.
• Limitations:
◦ Poor Long - term Stability: Creep of swampy silt layers may cause slow tower tilting, requiring regular monitoring and reinforcement. In mining areas, the risk of surface collapse makes angle steel towers less resistant to deformation.
• Advantages:
◦ Deep Foundation for Settlement Resistance: In karst areas, bored pile foundations can reach stable rock layers. In swamps, extra - long steel tube piles (over 20 meters) can penetrate soft soil to bearing layers.
◦ High Structural Rigidity: The overall rigidity of tubular towers enables them to resist slow surface deformation in mined - out areas, making them suitable for power transmission in mining regions.
• Limitations:
◦ High Construction Technical Requirements: Grouting in karst areas and constructing extra - long piles require specialized equipment, resulting in high costs. Pile driving in swamps may disturb surrounding soil, exacerbating settlement.
Terrain Type | Preferred Tower Type | Key Considerations |
Plains and Hills | Tubular Towers (strong - wind areas) | Wind resistance, land utilization |
Angle Steel Towers (general areas) | Cost, construction convenience | |
Mountains and Plateaus | Angle Steel Towers (remote mountainous areas) | Transportation flexibility, installation adaptability |
Tubular Towers (high - altitude areas) | Wind load resistance, large - span crossing capacity | |
Deserts and Gobi | Tubular Towers | Sand abrasion resistance, foundation stability |
Coastal and Tidal Flats | Tubular Towers | Salt spray corrosion resistance, typhoon resistance |
Swamps, Karst Areas, Mining Areas | Tubular Towers (with specialized foundations) | Foundation settlement resistance, structural rigidity |
Key Principles: Tower selection should integrate four elements: "transportation, installation, load - bearing, and maintenance." For example, in mountainous regions, prioritize the transportation convenience of angle steel towers; in coastal areas, focus on the corrosion and wind resistance of tubular towers; and in plains, balance cost and performance. In practical projects, comprehensive consideration of geological survey data (e.g., soil bearing capacity, wind pressure levels) and project budgets is essential to determine the optimal solution.
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